![]() ![]() Some signal phrases like “according to” and “in the words of” will remain the same regardless of citation style, but signal phrases that contain a verb need to adhere to the chosen style. ![]() Signal phrases can vary in tense depending on the citation style being used. Neutral: You present the author’s position neutrally, without any special emphasis.Īccording to recent research, food services are responsible for one third of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions.Īccording to, analyzes, asks, describes, discusses, explains, in the words of, notes, observes, points out, reports, writes While Foucault (1980) concedes that individual power can only be exercised in a field of limited possibilities, he goes on to say that … Recent research has confirmed Einstein’s theory of general relativity by observing light from behind a black hole.Īgrees, confirms, endorses, reinforces, promotes, supportsĬonciliatory: The author acknowledges the validity of an idea or argument, but with the implication that their other ideas may be quite different. Supportive: A position is taken in agreement with what came before. Proves, has disproven, confirms, displays, reveals, showsĪrgumentative: A position is taken for or against something, with the implication that the debate is ongoing.Īllen Ginsberg denies the importance of artistic revision …Īrgues, contends, denies, insists, maintains Galileo Galilei proved that the earth rotates around the sun by examining … The historian Oswald Spengler (1918) proposed that all cultures are superorganisms with a predictable lifespan.Īssumes, believes, claims, concludes, declares, emphasizes, proposes, suggestsĭemonstrative: A positive or negative statement is made, which can be verified. Propositional: The position is arguable rather than definitive, but the author isn’t necessarily responding to an existing debate. Signal phrases and their functions Function Your choice of signal phrases can tell the reader something about the stance of the author you’re citing, and sometimes about your own stance. Signal phrases have many different functions, implying various different perspectives on the information they frame. This can be done using a transition word such as “although” or “however.” Example: Signal phrases showing contrasting arguments Signal phrases can also be used to contrast different arguments.
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